BOOKS
Amos, Harriet E. Cotton City: Urban Development in Antebellum Mobile. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1985.
Bergeron, Arthur W. Confederate Mobile. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991.
Berlin, Ira. Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
Brasseaux, Carl A., Keith P. Fontenot, and Claude F. Oubre. Creoles of Color in the Bayou Country. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 1994.
Calagaz, Ann, ed. Sacramental Records of the Roman Catholic Church of the Archdiocese of Mobile, volume 1, Section 1, 1704-1739. Mobile: Archdiocese of Mobile, 2002.
Dormon, James H. ed. Creoles of Color of the Gulf South. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996.
Hanger, Kimberly. Bounded Lives, Bounded Places: Free Black Society in Colonial New Orleans, 1769-1803. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997.
King, Clinton P., and Meriem A. Barlow, comp. & ed. Abstracts of Orphans Court Minutes, Mobile County, Alabama, Book 1, 1813‑1837. Mobile: Alabama Ancestors, 1987.
________. Marriages of Mobile County, Alabama, 1813‑1855. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1985.
________. Marriages of Mobile County, Alabama, 1856‑1875. Mobile: Alabama Ancestors, 1986.
Mills, Gary B. and Elizabeth Shown Mills. The Forgotten People: Cane River’s Creoles of Color. Rev. ed. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013.
Nelson, Col., and Mrs. Soren Nelson, comps. A History of Church Street Graveyard, Mobile, Alabama. Mobile: n.p., 1963.
Schweninger, Loren. Black Property Owners in the South, 1790-1915. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.
Summersell, Charles Grayson. Mobile: History of a Seaport Town. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1949.
Vidrine, Jacqueline Olivier, transcriber and ed. Love's Legacy: The Mobile Marriages Recorded in French, Transcribed, with Annotated Abstracts in English, 1724‑1786. Lafayette: Center for Louisiana Studies, 1985.
Woodson, Carter G., comp. and ed. Free Negro Owners of Slaves in the United States in 1830, Together with Absentee Ownership of Slaves in the United States in 1830. Washington, D.C.: The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 1924.
ARTICLES
“Tracing African Americans during the Civil War,” NGS News Magazine 31 (July/August/September 2005), 19-23.
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/blacks_in_civil_war002.pdf
Free, Joe Brayton. “From the Archives. . . . Petitions to Become a Slave.” Gulf South Historical Review 15 (Spring 2000): 98-107.
Gould, Virginia. “In Defense of their Creole Culture: The Free Creoles of Color of New Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola.” Gulf Coast Historical Review (Fall 1993): 26-46.
Gould, Virginia M. “A Chaos of Iniquity and Discord": Slave and Free Women of Color in the Spanish Ports of New Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola” in The Devil's Lane: Sex and Race in the Early South. Catherine Clinton and Michele Gillespie, eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, 232-46.
Gould, Virginia Meacham. “The Free Creoles of Color of the Antebellum Gulf Ports of Mobile and Pensacola: A Struggle for the Middle Ground” in Creole of Color of the Gulf South, ed. by James H. Dormon: The University of Tennessee Press, 1996, 28-50.
Gould, Virginia Meacham. “The Parish Identities of Free Creoles of Color in Pensacola and Mobile, 1698-1860.” U. S. Catholic Historian (Fall 1996): 1-10.
Holmes, Jack D. L. “The Role of Blacks in Spanish Alabama: The Mobile District, 1780-1813.” Alabama Historical Quarterly 37 (Spring 1975): 5-18.
LaFoy, Deane C. "A Historical Review of Three Gulf Coast Creole Communities." Gulf Coast Historical Review 3 (Spring 1988): 6‑19.
Mills, Gary B. "Miscegenation and the Free Negro in Antebellum "Anglo" Alabama: A Reexamination of Southern Race Relations." The Journal of American History 68 (June 1981): 16‑34.
________.”Shades of Ambiguity: Comparing Free People of Color in “Anglo” Alabama and “Latin” Louisiana”. Samuel C. Hyde, Jr., editor. Plain Folk of the South Revisited. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997, 161-186.
________. "Tracing Free People of Color in the Antebellum South: Methods, Sources, and Perspectives."National Genealogical Society Quarterly 78 (December 1990): 262-78.
Nordmann, Christopher. “Alabama,” in The Encyclopedia of Free Blacks and Free People of Color in the Americas, volume I. Stewart King, ed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2012, 18-21.
________. “Basic Genealogical Research Methods and Their Application to African Americans," in Paula K. Byers, ed., African American Genealogical Sourcebook (Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1995): 15-45.
View part one: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/book_chapter_genealogy_part_one001.pdf
View part two:/uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/book_chapter_genealogy_part_two001.pdf
_______. “Freedmen’s Bureau in Alabama,” Encyclopedia of Alabama, http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1447, 2008
________.“Mobile, Alabama,” in The Encyclopedia of Free Blacks and Free People of Color in the Americas, volume II. Stewart King, ed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2012, 534-536.
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/mobile_fpc002.pdf
________."Some African Americans Listed in Mobile, Alabama, City Directories, 1837-1839, 1842, 1844," transcribed, Journal of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society 19, no. 2, 40-46.
View: Some African Americans Listed in Mobile, Alabama, City Directories, 1837-1839, 1842, 1844
________. “Tracing African Americans during the Civil War,” NGS News Magazine 31 (July/August/September 2005): 19-23.
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/blacks_in_civil_war002.pdf
DISSERTATIONS AND THESES
Boucher, Morris Raymond. "The Free Negro in Alabama to 1860." Ph.D. dissertation, State University of Iowa, 1950.
Davis, Barbara Joan. "A Comparative Analysis of the Economic Structure of Mobile County, Alabama, Before and After the Civil War, 1860 and 1870." M.A. thesis, University of Alabama, 1963.
Dorman, Lewy. "The Free Negro in Alabama from 1819 to 1861." M.A. thesis, University of Alabama, 1916.
Gould, Lois Virginia Meacham. “In Full Enjoyment of Their Liberty: The Free Women of Color of the Gulf Ports of New Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola, 1769-1860.” Ph. D. dissertation, Emory University, 1991.
Lipscomb, Oscar Hugh. "The Administration of John Quinlan, Second Bishop of Mobile, 1859‑1883." M.A. thesis, Catholic University of America, 1959.
________. "The Administration of Michael Portier, Vicar Apostolic of Alabama and the Floridas, 1825‑1829, and First Bishop of Mobile, 1829‑1859." Ph.D. dissertation,Catholic University of America, 1963.
Mannhard, Marilyn. "The Free People of Color in Antebellum Mobile County, Alabama." M.A. thesis, University of South Alabama, 1982.
Nordmann, Christopher A. “Free Negroes in Mobile County, Alabama.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alabama, 1990.
Title page, acknowledgments, table of contents
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_title_001.pdf
Chapter one: Origins of the Major Families
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_1001.pdf
Chapter two: Growth of the Community
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_2001.pdf
Chapter three: Legal Status of the Free Negro
View:/uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_3001.pdf
Chapter four: Economic Life Within the System
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_4001.pdf
Chapter five: Religious Life for the Free Negro
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_5001.pdf
Chapter six: Cultural Affairs of the Free Colored Creoles
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_6001.pdf
Chapter seven: Conclusion
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_7001.pdf
Appendix
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_appendix001.pdf
Selected Bibliography
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_biblio001.pdf
Index prepared by Ron Shawhan
View: _http://www.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/index_to_cn_dissertation_by_ron_shawhan_001.pdf
Robinson, Robert L. "Mobile in the 1850s: A Social, Cultural and Economic History." M.A. thesis, University of Alabama, 1955.
Ross, Melvin Lee. "Blacks, Mulattoes and Creoles in Mobile during the European and American Periods." M.A. thesis, Purdue University, 1971.
Shelly, Dian Lee. "The Effects of Increasing Racism on the Creole Colored in Three Gulf Coast Cities Between 1803 and 1860." M.A. thesis, The University of West Florida, 1971.
Taylor, Paul Wayne. "Mobile: 1818‑1859 As Her Newspapers Pictured Her." M.A. thesis, University of Alabama, 1951.
Thompson, Alan Smith. "Mobile, Alabama, 1850‑1861: Economic, Political, Physical, and Population Characteristics." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alabama, 1979.
Amos, Harriet E. Cotton City: Urban Development in Antebellum Mobile. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1985.
Bergeron, Arthur W. Confederate Mobile. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991.
Berlin, Ira. Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.
Brasseaux, Carl A., Keith P. Fontenot, and Claude F. Oubre. Creoles of Color in the Bayou Country. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. 1994.
Calagaz, Ann, ed. Sacramental Records of the Roman Catholic Church of the Archdiocese of Mobile, volume 1, Section 1, 1704-1739. Mobile: Archdiocese of Mobile, 2002.
Dormon, James H. ed. Creoles of Color of the Gulf South. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1996.
Hanger, Kimberly. Bounded Lives, Bounded Places: Free Black Society in Colonial New Orleans, 1769-1803. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997.
King, Clinton P., and Meriem A. Barlow, comp. & ed. Abstracts of Orphans Court Minutes, Mobile County, Alabama, Book 1, 1813‑1837. Mobile: Alabama Ancestors, 1987.
________. Marriages of Mobile County, Alabama, 1813‑1855. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1985.
________. Marriages of Mobile County, Alabama, 1856‑1875. Mobile: Alabama Ancestors, 1986.
Mills, Gary B. and Elizabeth Shown Mills. The Forgotten People: Cane River’s Creoles of Color. Rev. ed. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2013.
Nelson, Col., and Mrs. Soren Nelson, comps. A History of Church Street Graveyard, Mobile, Alabama. Mobile: n.p., 1963.
Schweninger, Loren. Black Property Owners in the South, 1790-1915. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.
Summersell, Charles Grayson. Mobile: History of a Seaport Town. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1949.
Vidrine, Jacqueline Olivier, transcriber and ed. Love's Legacy: The Mobile Marriages Recorded in French, Transcribed, with Annotated Abstracts in English, 1724‑1786. Lafayette: Center for Louisiana Studies, 1985.
Woodson, Carter G., comp. and ed. Free Negro Owners of Slaves in the United States in 1830, Together with Absentee Ownership of Slaves in the United States in 1830. Washington, D.C.: The Association for the Study of Negro Life and History, 1924.
ARTICLES
“Tracing African Americans during the Civil War,” NGS News Magazine 31 (July/August/September 2005), 19-23.
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/blacks_in_civil_war002.pdf
Free, Joe Brayton. “From the Archives. . . . Petitions to Become a Slave.” Gulf South Historical Review 15 (Spring 2000): 98-107.
Gould, Virginia. “In Defense of their Creole Culture: The Free Creoles of Color of New Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola.” Gulf Coast Historical Review (Fall 1993): 26-46.
Gould, Virginia M. “A Chaos of Iniquity and Discord": Slave and Free Women of Color in the Spanish Ports of New Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola” in The Devil's Lane: Sex and Race in the Early South. Catherine Clinton and Michele Gillespie, eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, 232-46.
Gould, Virginia Meacham. “The Free Creoles of Color of the Antebellum Gulf Ports of Mobile and Pensacola: A Struggle for the Middle Ground” in Creole of Color of the Gulf South, ed. by James H. Dormon: The University of Tennessee Press, 1996, 28-50.
Gould, Virginia Meacham. “The Parish Identities of Free Creoles of Color in Pensacola and Mobile, 1698-1860.” U. S. Catholic Historian (Fall 1996): 1-10.
Holmes, Jack D. L. “The Role of Blacks in Spanish Alabama: The Mobile District, 1780-1813.” Alabama Historical Quarterly 37 (Spring 1975): 5-18.
LaFoy, Deane C. "A Historical Review of Three Gulf Coast Creole Communities." Gulf Coast Historical Review 3 (Spring 1988): 6‑19.
Mills, Gary B. "Miscegenation and the Free Negro in Antebellum "Anglo" Alabama: A Reexamination of Southern Race Relations." The Journal of American History 68 (June 1981): 16‑34.
________.”Shades of Ambiguity: Comparing Free People of Color in “Anglo” Alabama and “Latin” Louisiana”. Samuel C. Hyde, Jr., editor. Plain Folk of the South Revisited. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997, 161-186.
________. "Tracing Free People of Color in the Antebellum South: Methods, Sources, and Perspectives."National Genealogical Society Quarterly 78 (December 1990): 262-78.
Nordmann, Christopher. “Alabama,” in The Encyclopedia of Free Blacks and Free People of Color in the Americas, volume I. Stewart King, ed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2012, 18-21.
________. “Basic Genealogical Research Methods and Their Application to African Americans," in Paula K. Byers, ed., African American Genealogical Sourcebook (Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1995): 15-45.
View part one: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/book_chapter_genealogy_part_one001.pdf
View part two:/uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/book_chapter_genealogy_part_two001.pdf
_______. “Freedmen’s Bureau in Alabama,” Encyclopedia of Alabama, http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1447, 2008
________.“Mobile, Alabama,” in The Encyclopedia of Free Blacks and Free People of Color in the Americas, volume II. Stewart King, ed. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 2012, 534-536.
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/mobile_fpc002.pdf
________."Some African Americans Listed in Mobile, Alabama, City Directories, 1837-1839, 1842, 1844," transcribed, Journal of the Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society 19, no. 2, 40-46.
View: Some African Americans Listed in Mobile, Alabama, City Directories, 1837-1839, 1842, 1844
________. “Tracing African Americans during the Civil War,” NGS News Magazine 31 (July/August/September 2005): 19-23.
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/blacks_in_civil_war002.pdf
DISSERTATIONS AND THESES
Boucher, Morris Raymond. "The Free Negro in Alabama to 1860." Ph.D. dissertation, State University of Iowa, 1950.
Davis, Barbara Joan. "A Comparative Analysis of the Economic Structure of Mobile County, Alabama, Before and After the Civil War, 1860 and 1870." M.A. thesis, University of Alabama, 1963.
Dorman, Lewy. "The Free Negro in Alabama from 1819 to 1861." M.A. thesis, University of Alabama, 1916.
Gould, Lois Virginia Meacham. “In Full Enjoyment of Their Liberty: The Free Women of Color of the Gulf Ports of New Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola, 1769-1860.” Ph. D. dissertation, Emory University, 1991.
Lipscomb, Oscar Hugh. "The Administration of John Quinlan, Second Bishop of Mobile, 1859‑1883." M.A. thesis, Catholic University of America, 1959.
________. "The Administration of Michael Portier, Vicar Apostolic of Alabama and the Floridas, 1825‑1829, and First Bishop of Mobile, 1829‑1859." Ph.D. dissertation,Catholic University of America, 1963.
Mannhard, Marilyn. "The Free People of Color in Antebellum Mobile County, Alabama." M.A. thesis, University of South Alabama, 1982.
Nordmann, Christopher A. “Free Negroes in Mobile County, Alabama.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alabama, 1990.
Title page, acknowledgments, table of contents
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_title_001.pdf
Chapter one: Origins of the Major Families
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_1001.pdf
Chapter two: Growth of the Community
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_2001.pdf
Chapter three: Legal Status of the Free Negro
View:/uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_3001.pdf
Chapter four: Economic Life Within the System
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_4001.pdf
Chapter five: Religious Life for the Free Negro
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_5001.pdf
Chapter six: Cultural Affairs of the Free Colored Creoles
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_6001.pdf
Chapter seven: Conclusion
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_ch_7001.pdf
Appendix
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_appendix001.pdf
Selected Bibliography
View: /uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/dissertation_biblio001.pdf
Index prepared by Ron Shawhan
View: _http://www.weebly.com/uploads/1/1/8/8/11883350/index_to_cn_dissertation_by_ron_shawhan_001.pdf
Robinson, Robert L. "Mobile in the 1850s: A Social, Cultural and Economic History." M.A. thesis, University of Alabama, 1955.
Ross, Melvin Lee. "Blacks, Mulattoes and Creoles in Mobile during the European and American Periods." M.A. thesis, Purdue University, 1971.
Shelly, Dian Lee. "The Effects of Increasing Racism on the Creole Colored in Three Gulf Coast Cities Between 1803 and 1860." M.A. thesis, The University of West Florida, 1971.
Taylor, Paul Wayne. "Mobile: 1818‑1859 As Her Newspapers Pictured Her." M.A. thesis, University of Alabama, 1951.
Thompson, Alan Smith. "Mobile, Alabama, 1850‑1861: Economic, Political, Physical, and Population Characteristics." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alabama, 1979.